Kronologi Sejarah Dan Latar Belakang Pertempuran Surabaya

Ketika itu, tidak ada kata yang lebih indah selain kata MERDEKA. Tidak ada lagu yang lebih khidmat, selain lagu kebangsaan INDONESIA RAYA. Tidak ada warna yang lebih memikat daripada dwiwarna SANG MERAH-PUTIH yang berkibar di mana-mana.

Para cowok Surabaya menyerbu kantor-kantor, perusahaan-perusahaan, dan bank-bank Jepang, dan meminta pegawai-pegawai Indonesia untuk sementara mengambil alih tiruana pengurusan perusahaan. Orang Jepang tidak berkutik menyaksikan pintu-pintu gedung ditempeli plakat-plakat tercetak huruf-huruf hitam MILIK REPUBLIK INDONESIA.

At that time, there was no word more beautifil than INDEPENDENT. There was no song more respectful than the national anthem of GREAT INDONESIA. There was no color more attracting than THE RED AND THE WHITE which was flaging everywhere.

The youth of Surabaya assaulted the offices, companies, and Japguase banks, and asked the officers of Indonesia temporarily took over all management of companies. The Japenese could not move slightly to watch the building doors were sticked placards printed by black letters PROPERTY OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. 

But, the situation in Surabaya in the months of September, October, November, 1945 was very critical. Republic which was still a baby age had to experience of attack from various parties. Originally, from Japguase army which after capitulation got a command of the Ally to continue holding governance in Indonesia until the landing of the allied forces.

Namun, keadaan di Surabaya pada bulan-bulan September, Oktober, November 1945 sangat gawat. Republik yang masih seumur bayi itu sudah harus mengalami serangan dari banyak sekali pihak. Mula-mula dari tentara Jepang yang setelah kapitulasi mendapat perintah dari Sekutu untuk terus memegang pemerintahan di Indonesia hingga pendaratan pasukan-pasukan Sekutu.

Combats between young men against Japguase soldiers happened in Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang and other towns. In the months of September, October, and November, the English teams, Australian, and Dutch landed in Indonesia. The news about murder, abduction, shooting and other crimes toward the residents of Jakarta, old, young, children, men and women by the Dutch people and NICA caused serious resentment among young men of Surabaya.

Pertempuran-pertempuran terjadi antara cowok dengan serdadu-serdadu Jepang di Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Semarang dan kota-kota lain. Bulan September, Oktober, dan November pasukan-pasukan Inggris, Australia, dan Belanda mendarat di Indonesia. Berita-diberita wacana pembunuhan, penculikan, penembakan dan kejahatan lain terhadap penduduk Jakarta tua, muda, anak-anak, lelaki dan perempuan oleh orang-orang Belanda dan NICA menjadikan kemarahan besar di kalangan cowok Surabaya.

On September 19, a flag incident took place in Orange Hotel, Surabaya. Previously, there had been many big and small incidents between young men and Dutchmen of former Japguase captives who had been free. Some young men of Surabaya climbed the tower of Orange Hotel and hauled down the red-while-blue flag of the Dutch. Then those young men ripped the blue part of the Dutch flag and crossed fire, could not be parried anymore.

Pada tanggal 19 September, terjadi bencana bendera di Hotel Oranye, Surabaya. Sebelumnya sudah ada banyak bencana besar dan kecil antara cowok dan orang-orang Belanda bekas tawanan Jepang yang sudah bebas. Beberapa cowok Surabaya menaiki menara Hotel Oranye dan menurunkan bendera merah-putih-biru milik Belanda. Pemuda-pemuda itu lalu menyobek potongan biru dari bendera Belanda tersebut dan bentrokan senjata pun tidak sanggup dielakkan lagi.

At the end of October, 1945 a battle which by Bung Karno was referred in the interview with an American woman reporter Cindy Adams, as "The Battle of Surabaya, the first battle of Republic" broke. "The battle of Surabaya, the first encounter of Republic against English army". English claimed the people of Surabaya put down the weapon and surrendered at discretion within 24 hours.

The people of Surabaya were furious and amoked against in an encounter to fight over the port which was occuvied by English. So rnany victims fell in the English party, so that Bung Karno who at the time ressided in Jakarta was urged to go to Surabaya immediately to mediate.

Pada selesai bulan Oktober 1945 meletuslah peperangan yang oleh Bung Karno disebut dalam wawancaranya dengan wartawati Amerika Cindy Adams, sebagai "The Battle of Surabaya, the first battle of the Republic". "Pertempuran Surabaya, pertempuran pertama Republik dengan tentara Inggris". Inggris menuntut semoga rakyat Surabaya meletakkan senjata dan mengalah tanpa syarat dalam 24 jam.

Rakyat Surabaya marah, dan mengamuk melawan dalam pertempuran memperebutkan pelabuhan yang diduduki Inggris. Korban begitu banyak berjatuhan di pihak tentara Inggris, sehingga Bung Karno yang dikala itu berada di Jakarta didesak untuk segera pergi ke Surabaya untuk menengahi.

The encounter could be discontinued by Bung Karno and Bung Hatta who around the clock encircled the city of Surabaya to calm down the youth and the people. The battle Encounter desisted on 3 November. But, few days afier; the military cotnmandant of English troops, General Mallaby was defeated to be murdered. In a state of very serious condition, on November 6, 1945 the young men delegation of East Java and Surabaya left for Yogyakarta to attend the Congress of Indonesian Youth. This Congress was attended by 629 delegations of Sumatra (by then was still referred as Andalas), Java, Madura, East Nusa.Tenggara (by then was referred as Small Sunda), Kalimantan, and Sulawesi.

Pertempuran sanggup tidak boleh oleh Bung Karno dan Bung Hatta yang sehari semalam mengelilingi kota Surabaya untuk menenangkan cowok dan rakyat. Pertempuran berhenti pada tanggal 3 November. Tetapi, beberapa hari lalu komandan tentara Inggris Jenderal Mallaby tewas dibunuh. Dalam keadaan yang sangat gawat menyerupai itu, delegasi cowok Jawa Timur dan Surabaya berangkat pada tanggal 6 November 1.945 ke Yogyakarta untuk menghadiri Kongres Pemuda Indonesia. Kongres ini dihadiri oleh 629 utusan yang hadir dari Sumatra (pada waktu itu masih disebut Andalas), Jawa, Madura, Nusa Tenggara Timur (pada waktu itu disebut Sunda Kecil), Kalimantan, dan Sulawesi.

They deputized 23 regional organizations, post, student organizations, local youth, labour and religions. The struggle bodies of various tribes in Java, as Indonesian Youth of ltdoluccas and Devotion of Indonesian People of Sulawesi sent their delegations, most of them wore their traditional dresses.

Mereka mewakili 23 organisasi daerah, jawatan, organisasi pelajar, cowok lokal, buruh dan agama. Badan-badan usaha banyak sekali suku bangsa di Jawa, menyerupai Pemuda Indonesia Maluku (PIM) dan Kebaktian Rakyat Indonesia Sulawesi (KRIS) mengirimkan utusan-utusan mereka yang sebagian besar mengenakan pakaian tradisional.

Scream and salaam INDEPENDENT fulfilled the whole city. The roads were crowded by the youth, most of them with long hair. They were armed with pistol, gun, machine gun to long Japguase sword, and certainly bamboo spear. They also tied their heads with red cloth. Fight spirit, romantism sense, and tendency of youth group to flaunt mixed with serious attitude and calm with no retreat strong will which was beamed from their faces and eyes. That was the image of young men of Indonesia at the period of revolution.

Pekik dan salam MERDEKA memenuhi seluruh kota. Jalan-jalan dikuasai oleh para cowok yang kebanyakan berambut gondrong. Mereka bersenjatakan pistol, senapan, brengun hingga kelewang panjang Jepang, dan sudah tentu bambu-runcing Mereka juga mengikat kepala mereka dengan kain merah. Semangat juang, rasa romantisme, dan kecenderungan kaum muda untuk berlagak dan bergaya bercampur dengan perilaku fokus dan damai dengan tekad pantang mundur yang terpancar dari mata dan wajah mereka. Itulah citra cowok Indonesia pada masa revolusi.

The city of Surabaya was fired and bom-sharded from the air, sea and ground. This matter swallowed great victims among the resident, espethially women and children. That moment, all congressmen flared up, boiled up. Bawls "Bear Arms! Rebel! Revenge!" "Independent or Death!" "Once Independent Remain Free!" all at once pronounced from hundreds of mouth. Hundreds of clenched hand were lifted. Spontguaously the national anthem GREAT INDONESIA filled the air. 

Kota Surabaya ditembaki dan dibombardir dari udara, maritim dan darat. Hal ini menjadikan korban besar di antara penduduk, terutama belum dewasa dan wanita. Saat itu, tiruana anggota kongres bergejolak, mendidih. Terakan-teriakan "Angkat Senjata! Berontaki Balas!" "Merdeka atau Mati!" "Sekali Merdeka Tetap Merdeka!" sekaligus keluar dari ratusan mulut. Ratusan tangan yang terkepal diangkat. Secara impulsif lagu kebangsaan nasional INDONESIA RAYA berkumandang.

A hard Resolution Protest which addressed to public opinion in the world was decided and sent to United Nations, World Federation Democratic Youth and International Union of Students. The congress ended by the founding of Body of Youth Congress of Republic of Indonesia which had two councils, they were Struggle Council and Development Council.

Sebuah Resolusi Protes Keras yang ditujukan kepada pendapat umum di seluruh dunia diputuskan dan dikirimkan kepada PBB, WFDY (Federasi Pemuda Demokratik Sedunia) dan IUS (International Union of Students). Kongres berakhir dengan didirikannya Badan Kongres Pemuda Republik Indonesia (BKPRI) yang memiliki dua dewan, adalah Dewan Perjuangan dan Dewan Pembangunan.

By then, the buoyantly oration of Bung Tomo became symbol of ardor which braced up people to struggle until depletion blood dot by using any kind of weapon they had. The allied forces assumed they could occupy Surabaya in three days, but in reality after three months the allied forces fust succeeded to occupy the city of Surabaya fully.

Pada waktu itu, pidato Bung Tomo yang berapi-api menjadi simbol penyemangat yang memperabukan semangat rakyat untuk berj uang hingga titik darah penghabisan dengan memakai senjata apa saja yang mereka miliki. Pasukan Sekutu menerka sanggup menduduki Surabaya dalam tiga hari, namun kenyataannya setelah tiga bulan tentara Sekutu gres berhasil menduduki kota Surabaya secara penuh.

Sumber Pustaka: Yrama Widya

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